ABSTRACT
An adequate functioning of the digestive tract, liver and pancreas is fundamental to providing the organism with the necessary conditions for its development and maintaining its digestive and systemic homeostasis. Life expectancy has increased, it is estimated that adults over 65 years old by 2050, will represent 25% of the local population. The morphological and functional changes associated with aging in the digestive system, liver and pancreas are modest except for those that occur in the microbiota. Recently it has been possible to establish the contribution of the microbiota to life expectancy and establish a link between gastrointestinal microbiota, inflammation associated with aging (inflammaging) and survival. This represents a shift in the paradigm of our understanding physiology, chronic diseases, neoplasms and for the development of new therapies.
Un adecuado funcionamiento del tubo digestivo, hígado y páncreas es fundamental para poder brindar al organismo las condiciones necesarias para su desarrollo y mantener su homeostasis digestiva y sistémica. La expectativa de vida se ha incrementado, estimándose a nivel nacional que para el año 2050 los adultos mayores de 65 años representarán el 25% de la población. Los cambios morfológicos y funcionales asociados al envejecimiento en el aparato digestivo, hígado y páncreas son modestos a excepción, de los que se producen en la microbiota. Recientemente se ha podido establecer la contribución de la microbiota a la esperanza de vida y establecer un nexo entre microbiota gastrointestinal, inflamación asociada al envejecimiento y sobrevida. Esto representa un cambio en el paradigma sobre cómo comprendemos la fisiología, las patologías crónicas, neoplásicas y en el desarrollo de nuevas terapias.
Subject(s)
Humans , Pancreas/growth & development , Aging/physiology , Gastrointestinal Tract/growth & development , Liver/growth & development , Pancreas/physiology , Pancreas/microbiology , Gastrointestinal Tract/physiology , Gastrointestinal Tract/microbiology , Microbiota/physiology , Gastrointestinal Microbiome , Liver/physiology , Liver/microbiologyABSTRACT
The relation between steroid hormones and pancreatic function has been poorly discussed and not very well understood. In general, there is a lack of recognition among the scientific community about the importance of steroids in pancreatic function (current paradigm). In the present article we present basic, as well as clinic and epidemiologic data that demonstrate steroid synthesis and steroid biotransformation by pancreatic tissue, how exocrine and endocrine functions are modulated by steroids, the gender specific frequency and behavior of some tumors and the use of synthetic steroids and steroid action antagonists as therapeutic agents. With the available information it is possible to establish that: 1. Pancreatic tissue synthesize and transform steroid hormones. 2. Pancreatic tissue respond to steroid hormones and express steroid specific receptor molecules. 3. Some endocrine functions such as insulin synthesis and release are modulated by steroids. 4. Tumor growth is modulated by steroids and anti-steroid drugs. This set of data creates a new paradigm for the holistic study of pancreas and opens new research fields. The application of this new paradigm might result in an increase in the knowledge of pancreatic physiology, in the design of new and better diagnostic methods and eventually in the design of more effective medical treatments for the pancreatic cancers.
La relación de las hormonas esteroides con el páncreas ha sido muy poco explorada y comprendida y no se concede en general que exista una interacción relevante entre su función y los esteroides endógenos o exógenos (paradigma actual). En esta revisión se presentan datos de modelos experimentales y de estudios clínicos y epidemiológicos que demuestran que existe una clara relación entre la biotransformación y el efecto de las hormonas esteroides y la fisiopatología del páncreas. Con la información disponible se puede establecer que: 1. El páncreas es un órgano que sintetiza y transforma hormonas esteroides. 2. Que expresa receptores específicos para este tipo de substancias. 3. Que algunas de sus funciones como la síntesis y liberación de la insulina pueden ser modulados por la acción de esteroides gonadales. 4. Que el crecimiento tumoral puede ser inducido o frenado por la acción de esteroides y antiesteroides. Estas relaciones establecen un nuevo paradigma en el estudio de la fisiopatología del páncreas y abren nuevas líneas de investigación para el avance del conocimiento y su eventual aplicación clínica.
Subject(s)
Animals , Female , Humans , Male , Rats , Hormones/physiology , Models, Biological , Pancreas/physiology , Steroids/physiology , Adenocarcinoma/drug therapy , Adenocarcinoma/epidemiology , Adenocarcinoma/physiopathology , Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal/therapeutic use , Gonadal Steroid Hormones/physiology , Insulin , Mammals/physiology , Pancreas/enzymology , Pancreatic Neoplasms/drug therapy , Pancreatic Neoplasms/epidemiology , Pancreatic Neoplasms/physiopathologyABSTRACT
Although the endocrine pancreas is the purpose of several deep investigations, morphological data referred to the effect of aging on the gland are not homogeneous. The purpose of the current work was to analyze the changes occurring in the pancreas of aged rats, with especial reference to the islet cell populations. Six young (Y), old (O) and senescent (S) male Sprague-Dawley rats were used. The pancreas tails were processed for light microscopy and studied by means of routine stains as well as by immunohistochemical identification of insulin-, glucagon-, somatostatin-, and pancreatic polypeptide- secreting cells (Dako Envision System, DAB as chromogen). A progressive pancreatic histoarchitecture distortion was found among the aged animals. Even when the alterations were not uniformly observed, they appeared more evident and severe in the S group. The S rats showed significantly increased volume density and cell density of the B cell population, as well as larger number of islet profiles, when compared to O rats. A significant progressive increment of adipose tissue was also evident in aged animals. No abnormal changes were detected in the non.B cell populations of the different groups.
Subject(s)
Male , Animals , Rats , Aging/physiology , Islets of Langerhans/cytology , Islets of Langerhans/physiology , Pancreas/cytology , Pancreas/physiology , Immunohistochemistry , Rats, Sprague-DawleyABSTRACT
The pancreatic acinar unit is a classical example of a polarized tissue. Even in isolation, these cells retain their polarity, and this has made them particularly useful for Ca2+ signaling studies. In 1990, we discovered that this cell has the capability of producing both local cytosolic and global Ca2+ signals. The mechanisms underlying this signal generation have now been established. Furthermore, it has become clear that the local signals are sufficient for the control of both fluid and enzyme secretion, whereas prolonged global signals are dangerous and give rise to acute pancreatitis, a disease where the pancreas digests itself.
Subject(s)
Humans , Cell Communication/physiology , Cell Polarity/physiology , Calcium Signaling/physiology , /physiology , Pancreas/cytology , Pancreas/physiology , Pancreatitis/physiopathology , Membrane Potentials/physiologyABSTRACT
The objective of the present study was to explore the regulatory mechanisms of free radicals during streptozotocin (STZ)-induced pancreatic damage, which may involve nitric oxide (NO) production as a modulator of cellular oxidative stress. Removal of oxygen species by incubating pancreatic tissues in the presence of polyethylene glycol-conjugated superoxide dismutase (PEG-SOD) (1 U/ml) produced a decrease in nitrite levels (42 percent) and NO synthase (NOS) activity (50 percent) in diabetic but not in control samples. When NO production was blocked by N G-monomethyl-L-arginine (L-NMMA) (600 ÁM), SOD activity increased (15.21 +/- 1.23 vs 24.40 +/- 2.01 U/mg dry weight). The increase was abolished when the NO donor, spermine nonoate, was added to the incubating medium (13.2 +/- 1.32). Lipid peroxidation was lower in diabetic tissues when PEG-SOD was added (0.40 +/- 0.02 vs 0.20 +/- 0.03 nmol/mg protein), and when L-NMMA blocked NOS activity in the incubating medium (0.28 +/- 0.05); spermine nonoate (100 ÁM) abolished the decrease in lipoperoxide level (0.70 +/- 0.02). We conclude that removal of oxygen species produces a decrease in pancreatic NO and NOS levels in STZ-treated rats. Moreover, inhibition of NOS activity produces an increase in SOD activity and a decrease in lipoperoxidation in diabetic pancreatic tissues. Oxidative stress and NO pathway are related and seem to modulate each other in acute STZ-induced diabetic pancreas in the rat
Subject(s)
Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental , Nitric Oxide Synthase/physiology , Nitric Oxide/physiology , Oxidative Stress , Pancreas/physiology , Analysis of Variance , Free Radical Scavengers , Lipid Peroxides , Rats, Wistar , Streptozocin , Superoxide DismutaseABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: The process of pancreatic regeneration, well known and accepted, is less known than the hepatic and includes different mechanisms and factors. Pancreatic regeneration is better known in acute pancreatitis. After an extensive pancreatic necrosis, the morphological and functional regeneration is assessed by dynamic computed tomography associated with normalization of glycemia and the exocrine function. Different groups identified and evaluated experimentally and clinically the actions of multiple factors involved in the process of pancreatic regeneration. Even difficult to assess, pancreatic regeneration after partial pancreatectomy is well documented and of capital importance. CASE REPORT: A 57-year-old woman with discomfort in the upper-left abdominal quadrant. CT scans showed a tumor in the body and tail of the pancreas adherent to the spleen. Preoperative CA 19-9 was normal. She was operated on and the tumor resected en bloc with the spleen. Only the head of the pancreas was preserved. Intraoperative pathological examination of the specimen showed a mucinous cistoadenoma with no malignant degeneration. Postoperative course was uneventful and discharged at p.o. day 10, with ongoing diabetes. Four month later she presented pain in the upper-left quadrant with hyperamylasemia. CT scans showed a normal body and tail with an image of pseudocyst at the top of the pancreatic tail. One year after the initial surgery she remained asymptomatic, without diabetes and with no dietary restrictions. Further CT controls showed images of the entire regeneration of the body and tail of the pancreas...
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Middle Aged , Pancreas/physiology , Pancreatectomy/methods , Regeneration , Spleen/surgery , Cystadenocarcinoma, Mucinous , Cystadenocarcinoma, Mucinous/surgery , Pancreas , Pancreas/surgery , Pancreatic Neoplasms , Pancreatic Neoplasms/surgery , Postoperative Period , Tomography, X-Ray Computed/methodsABSTRACT
No abstract available.
Subject(s)
Humans , Amylases/analysis , Bicarbonates/analysis , Chronic Disease , Endoscopy, Digestive System , Pancreas/physiology , Pancreatic Juice/metabolism , Pancreatic Juice/enzymology , Pancreatic Juice/chemistry , Pancreatitis/metabolism , Pancreatitis/diagnosisABSTRACT
No abstract available.
Subject(s)
Animals , Calcium Signaling/physiology , Exocytosis/physiology , Pancreas/physiology , Pancreas/cytologyABSTRACT
No abstract available.
Subject(s)
Exocytosis/physiology , Pancreas/metabolism , Pancreas/physiology , Pancreas/cytologySubject(s)
Humans , Pancreatic Diseases/classification , Pancreas/physiology , Pancreatic Neoplasms/classification , Cholecystostomy , Pancreas , Pancreas/enzymology , Pancreas/metabolism , Pancreatic Neoplasms/diagnosis , Pancreatitis, Acute Necrotizing/physiopathology , Pancreatitis/complications , Pancreatitis/diagnosis , Pancreatitis/physiopathology , Pancreatitis/therapy , Cholangiopancreatography, Endoscopic Retrograde/methodsABSTRACT
La clasificación de la diabetes mellitus ha sufrido variaciones históricas muy interesantes que contribuyeron al concepto actual, en el que se considera a la enfermedad como un síndrome de variada etiología. Los dos principales tipos de diabetes son: la que requiere de la administración de insulina para su tratamiento y la supervivencia, y la que no es dependiente de insulina. Existe una condición particular: "intolerancia a los carbohidratos" en la que mediante una carga de glucosa se mide la capacidad del páncreas para mantener la glucohomeostasis. Mediante esta prueba se puede predecir la posibilidad de que se desarrolle la diabetes y esta alteración bioquímica tiene una prevalencia variable de 8 por ciento y aumenta con la edad, el sobrepeso y las condiciones de vida
Subject(s)
Humans , Carbohydrates , Diabetes Mellitus/diagnosis , Endocrinology/history , Glucose Tolerance Test , Glucose/analysis , Insulin/administration & dosage , Pancreas/physiology , Risk FactorsSubject(s)
Animals , Liver Regeneration , Polyploidy , Pancreas/physiology , Regeneration , Pancreas/cytology , Pancreatic Diseases/physiopathology , Rats , Rats, WistarABSTRACT
Os autores procuram fazer uma revisao bibliográfica sobre fístulas pancreáticas. Objetivou-se condensar informaçoes e dados de real importância sobre a compreensao do mecanismo formador, da etiologia, do quadro clínico, da investigaçao e seus procedimentos visando ao correto diagnóstico. Procurou-se dados práticos e eficaz já conhecidos e efetivamente testados no tratamento adequado, assim como conhecer, identificar e orientar o manejo das possíveis complicaçoes que podem advir do problema inicial. Do revisto, objetivou-se informaçoes sobre o tratamento clínico, onde a NPT trouxe novos rumos no manejo do pâncreas. Também se observou a descriçao de várias técnicas para o tratamento cirúrgico, que nao serao discutidas no presente relato. Na investigaçao, o uso da fibra óptica possibilitou a realizaçao da colangiopancreatografia endoscópica retrógrada, permitindo efetivo progresso tanto nos meios diagnósticos, como na orientaçao ao tratamento adequado pela identificaçao do trajeto e sítios atingidos pela fístula.
Subject(s)
Humans , Pancreatic Fistula/therapy , Pancreatic Fistula/complications , Pancreatic Fistula/diagnosis , Pancreatic Fistula/etiology , Pancreatic Fistula/prevention & control , Pancreas/physiologyABSTRACT
Serum immunoreactive insulin [IRI], GLUCAGON [IRG] and glucose were measured fasting and at 30 and 60 minutes after intravenous infusion of arginine hydrochloride [0.5 gm/kg 10% solution] in 20 thalassemic patients and 10 healthy age matched children. Hyperglucagonemia with normal circulating insulin and glucose levels, either during fasting or after arginine, were manifest in patients with thalassemia on repeated blood transfusion. A mechanism has been proposed to explain these findings
Subject(s)
Pancreas/physiology , ChildABSTRACT
Foram estudados os efeitos resultantes da adição da beta-propiolactona (BPL) ao sangue total e soro nas dosagens de íons, na capacidade de fixação do ferro (TIBC), nas mucoproteínas, na eletroforese de proteínas e em algumas provas de funções hepáticas e pancreáticas. A adição desta substância ao sangue pode levar à hemólise, com conseqüentes alterações de análises bioquímicas. De todos os testes estudados apenas as dosagens de mucoproteínas nas alíquotas de soro contendo BPL apresentaram alterações com significado estatístico. Os autores recomendam o uso da BPL antes da realização das análises bioquímicas de rotina em soros de indivíduos infectados pelo HIV ou pertencentes a grupos de risco.
Subject(s)
Humans , Blood Chemical Analysis , HIV , Propiolactone/pharmacology , Blood Protein Electrophoresis , Liver/physiology , HIV Infections/prevention & control , Ions , Iron/metabolism , Mucoproteins , Pancreas/physiologyABSTRACT
Se detallan el origen, características y funciones del páncreas para posteriormente exponer las características clínicas, diagnóstico y tratamiento de la pancreatitis aguda. Se presentan las complicaciones más significativas de la pancreatitis aguda como son los abscesos, pseudoquistes, obstrucciones, explicando el diagnóstico y tratamiento de los mismos. Las lesiones traumáticas son mínimas en este órgano; no así las heridas penetrantes que son más frecuentes, causadas fundamentalmente por armas de fiego y blancas. El diagnóstico de estas lesiones es por laparotomía de urgencia
Subject(s)
Humans , Pancreas/abnormalities , Pancreatitis/diagnosis , Pancreatic Pseudocyst/therapy , Pancreas/physiology , Pancreatitis/therapyABSTRACT
Thirty insulin-dependent diabetic patients and 20 normal control subjects of the same age and sex group were investigated to study some pancreatic functions and to assess the ultrasonographic picture of the pancreas and surrounding blood vessels .Statistical analysis of the results revealed that: Serum amylase, lipase and insulin values were significantly reduced, while, on the other hand, serum glucagon value was significantly elevated. Pancreatic sonography revealed an increase of its echogenicity, most probably due to fibrosis, with a significant reduction of its size that was positively correlated with insulin value but not with glucagon or enzyme values. There was a significant increase in portal vein diameter that showed positive correlation with blood sugar level indicating susceptibility of insulin-dependent diabetic patients to portal hypertension